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| c. 3100 BC |
| | Sumer develops as the first centre of Mesopotamian civilization | |
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| c. 3100 BC |
| | Upper and Lower Egypt are unified into a single kingdom, inaugurating the first Egyptian dynasty | |
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| c. 2580 BC |
| | Egypt enters the period known as the Old Kingdom, its first era of monumental architecture | |
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| c. 2350 BC |
| | Sargon conquers the other Mesopotamian states and establishes a dynasty with a new capital at Akkad, close to modern Baghdad | |
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| c. 2000 BC |
| | Mentuhotep II wins control of all Egypt, establishing the period known as the Middle Kingdom | |
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| c. 2000 BC |
| | The centre of power in Egypt moves to the interior, with the capital at Thebes rather than Memphis | |
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| c. 1700 BC |
| | The Hittites build an empire based on their stronghold at Hattusa (now Bogazkale) in Anatolia | |
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| c. 1630 BC |
| | The Hyksos, arriving from the middle east, win control of Egypt and rule for a century | |
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| c. 1540 BC |
| | The New Kingdom begins in Egypt, bringing the most spectacular of all the dynasties | |
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| c. 1531 BC |
| | Babylon is destroyed by the Hittites, invaders from Anatolia, but reestablishes itself in subsequent centuries | |
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